Media

Coronavirus disinformation emanating from Russia, China gains foothold abroad

Pakistan Forward and AFP

A man wearing a face mask decorated with lettering reading "Deception" protests against amendments to the Constitution of Russia on Pushkin Square in Moscow on July 1, as Russians vote on the final day of a ballot on constitutional reforms allowing President Vladimir Putin to potentially stay in power until 2036. [Kirill Kudryavtsev/AFP]

A man wearing a face mask decorated with lettering reading "Deception" protests against amendments to the Constitution of Russia on Pushkin Square in Moscow on July 1, as Russians vote on the final day of a ballot on constitutional reforms allowing President Vladimir Putin to potentially stay in power until 2036. [Kirill Kudryavtsev/AFP]

Coronavirus disinformation spread by Russian and Chinese journalists is finding a bigger audience on social media than content created by premier news outlets around the world, according to new research.

Whether it is distorted coverage or outright conspiracy theories, articles written in French and German by foreign state media are resonating widely on Facebook and Twitter, often with their origins unclear, the Oxford Internet Institute said in a report published Monday (June 29).

The institute, which is part of Oxford University, looked at content generated by leading media outlets from Russia and China, as well as from Iran and Turkey -- all of which are state-controlled or closely aligned to regimes in power.

In their French and German, as well as Spanish, output, state media groups have "politicised the coronavirus by criticising Western democracies, praising their home countries, and promoting conspiracy theories about the origins of the virus", the institute said.

A photo taken on November 12, 2017, shows the Moscow headquarters of the Rossiya Segodnya state media group, which runs the Sputnik news agency. [Kirill Kudryavtsev/AFP]

A photo taken on November 12, 2017, shows the Moscow headquarters of the Rossiya Segodnya state media group, which runs the Sputnik news agency. [Kirill Kudryavtsev/AFP]

"A majority of the content in these outlets is factually based. But what they have, especially if you look at the Russian outlets, is an agenda to discredit democratic countries," Oxford researcher Jonathan Bright told AFP.

"The subtle weave in the overarching narrative is that democracy is on the verge of collapse," he added.

The institute looked at output from Russia's RT broadcaster and Sputnik news agency, China Global Television Network (CGTN), China Radio International (CRI) and Xinhua News Agency, in addition to foreign-language output from Iranian and Turkish networks.

Promoting anti-US sentiments

It measured median engagement per shared article -- how many times a user actively shares or likes an article on Facebook, or comments about it and retweets it on Twitter.

The study covered each outlet's 20 most popular stories from May 18 to June 5.

The institute's previous study in April found that in English, heavily politicised news stories from the same state media groups could achieve as much as 10 times the level of user engagement as did more sober sources such as the BBC.

"A significant portion of social media is people consuming content that is directly funded by foreign governments, and it's not very clear to the reader that that's the case," Bright added.

Similar engagement levels showed in Spanish-language content, including from the Iranian state broadcaster's service HispanTV, which the report said shares the Russian outlets' promotion of "anti-US sentiments" for audiences in Latin America.

Examples in French and German included heated coverage from the Russian outlets of the "gilets jaunes" protest movement in France, and the COVID-19 and ensuing economic crises in Europe.

The report also examined content in German, French and Spanish from Turkey's TRT network, which it said focused more on positive portrayals of the Turkish government's actions against the pandemic.

In contrast, it said that Russian, Chinese and Iranian media all promoted baseless theories, including that the US military unleashed the coronavirus, which originated late last year in Wuhan, China.

The media organisations in question claim to offer a non-Western perspective on news and deny they are propagandists.

In a statement responding to the Oxford report, RT France said it "vigorously contests these allegations" and insisted that it had covered the global pandemic on the same lines as other French media.

"That has nothing to do with the accusation of criticising 'Western democracies' or of 'discrediting democratic countries,'" it said.

In France, President Emmanuel Macron accused RT of spreading "deceitful propaganda" during the 2017 presidential election.

In Britain, the Russian network has been fined for breaking rules on media impartiality.

Last week, Beijing threatened to retaliate after four more of its media groups were reclassified as "foreign missions" in the United States.

The quartet joined CGTN, CRI and Xinhua, which Washington already had designated as state-sponsored actors rather than as media.

'Hybrid war'

The Chinese and Russian regimes have been stepping up co-operation to spread false narratives over the coronavirus pandemic, with Beijing increasingly adopting techniques honed by Moscow, observers noted in May.

Twitter on June 12 said it had deleted more than 170,000 accounts linked to Chinese government disinformation campaigns, and the European Union (EU) on June 9 formally accused China and Russia's regimes of mounting targeted coronavirus disinformation campaigns to undermine European democracy.

Askat Dukenbayev, a political scientist from Bishkek, considers the Russian disinformation campaigns part of the new "hybrid war" doctrine of Russian President Vladimir Putin's regime against Western countries.

Moscow is "trying to take revenge for its defeat in the Cold War, as well as against post-Soviet countries that are trying to come out from under the influence of the former metropole [colonial power]", he said in June.

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